Captain

From BibleEncyclopedia.Net

(1.) Heb. sar (1Sa_22:2; 2Sa_23:19). Rendered “chief,” Gen_40:2; Gen_41:9; rendered also “prince,” Dan_1:7; “ruler,” Jdg_9:30; “governor,” 1Ki_22:26. This same Hebrew word denotes a military captain (Exo_18:21; 2Ki_1:9; Deu_1:15; 1Sa_18:13, etc.), the “captain of the body-guard” (Gen_37:36; Gen_39:1; Gen_41:10; Jer_40:1), or, as the word may be rendered, “chief of the executioners” (marg.). The officers of the king's body-guard frequently acted as executioners. Nebuzar-adan (Jer_39:13) and Arioch (Dan_2:14) held this office in Babylon.

The “captain of the guard” mentioned in Act_28:16 was the Praetorian prefect, the commander of the Praetorian troops.

(2.) Another word (Heb. katsin) so translated denotes sometimes a military (Jos_10:24; Jdg_11:6, Jdg_11:11; Isa_22:3 “rulers;” Dan_11:18) and sometimes a civil command, a judge, magistrate, Arab. kady, (Isa_1:10; Isa_3:6; Mic_3:1, Mic_3:9).

(3.) It is also the rendering of a Hebrew word (shalish) meaning “a third man,” or “one of three.” The LXX. render in plural by tristatai; i.e., “soldiers fighting from chariots,” so called because each war-chariot contained three men, one of whom acted as charioteer while the other two fought (Exo_14:7; Exo_15:4; 1Ki_9:22; compare 2Ki_9:25). This word is used also to denote the king's body-guard (2Ki_10:25; 1Ch_12:18; 2Ch_11:11) or aides-de-camp.

(4.) The “captain of the temple” mentioned in Act_4:1; Act_5:24 was not a military officer, but superintendent of the guard of priests and Levites who kept watch in the temple by night. (Compare “the ruler of the house of God,” 1Ch_9:11; 2Ch_31:13; Neh_11:11.)

(5.) The Captain of our salvation is a name given to our Lord (Heb_2:10), because he is the author and source of our salvation, the head of his people, whom he is conducting to glory. The “captain of the Lord's host” (Jos_5:14, Jos_5:15) is the name given to that mysterious person who manifested himself to Abraham (Gen_12:7), and to Moses in the bush (Exo_3:2, Exo_3:6, etc.) the Angel of the covenant. (See Angel.)

kap´tin:

In the King James Version there are no fewer than 13 Hebrew words, and 4 different Greek words, which are rendered by this one English word. In the Revised Version (British and American) some of these are rendered by other English words, and so we find for “captain”: “marshal” (Jer 27; Nah_3:17), “prince” (1Sa_9:16), “governor” (Jer_51:23, Jer_51:18), while in the case of one of these Hebrew words a different construction is found altogether (Jer_13:21).

1. In the Old Testament

Of Hebrew words in the Old Testament rendered by “captain”

(1) The most frequent is שׂר, sar, which denotes “a military commander,” whether of thousands or hundreds or fifties (Num_31:48; 1Sa_8:12 and many other places). Sar is the chief officer of any department, civil and religious, as well as military - captain of the guard the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), chief of the executioners the Revised Version, margin (Gen_37:36); chief butler (Gen_40:9); chief baker (Gen_40:16); chief of a district (Neh_3:15); chiefs of tribes (Naphtali; Zebulun, Psa_68:27); chiefs over gangs of slaves (Exo_1:11); chiefs of the priests and the Levites (Ezr_8:29).

(2) רב, rabh, later Hebrew for chief of the executioners or captain of the guard, a title always given to Nebuzar-adan (2Ki_25:8; Jer_39:9) and to Arioch (Dan_2:14). Compare also Rab-mag, chief of the magicians (Jer_39:13), and Ashpenaz, chief of the eunuchs (Dan_1:3).

(3) ראשׁ, rō'sh, “head” over a host (Israel in the wilderness, Num_14:4), over tribes (Deu_29:10, where the Revised Version (British and American) renders “heads”), over thousands (1Ch_12:20). Abijah, king of Judah, before joining battle against Jeroboam, claimed “God himself is with us for our captain” the King James Version, “with us at our head” the Revised Version (British and American) (2Ch_13:12).

(4) שׁלישׁ, shālīsh, originally the third man in the chariot, who, when the chief occupant was the king, or commander-in-chief, was of the rank of captain (2Ki_7:2; 2Ki_9:25), the term “third man” being generalized to mean “a captain” in 2Ki_10:25; 2Ch_8:9, where “chief of his captains” combines (1) and (4).

(5) נגיד, nāghīdh, leader by Divine appointment: of Saul (1Sa_9:16, “captain,” the King James Version, “prince” the Revised Version (British and American) 1Sa_10:1); of David (2Sa_5:2); of Hezekiah (2Ki_20:5); with a charge in connection with the temple (2Ch_31:13). It is the word used of Messiah “the prince” (Dan_9:25), who is also Prince of the Covenant (Dan_11:22).

(6) נשׂיא, nāsī', rendered “captain” in the King James Version Num_2:3, Num_2:5, Num_2:7 only, there in the Revised Version (British and American) and in other places, both the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), rendered “prince.” In 1Ch_7:40 “chief of the princes” combines (3) and (6).

(7) פחה, peḥāh, is found almost entirely in a foreign title denoting “governor,” and belongs to the later history of Israel (Neh_2:7, Neh_2:9; Ezr_8:36; Hag_1:1), rendered “captain” in exclusively foreign associations (1Ki_20:24; 2Ki_18:24; Dan_3:27 f).

(8) קצין, ḳācīn (from root of ḳadi, Arabic for “judge”), denotes “dictator,” almost “usurper,” and is found in “rulers of Sodom” the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), “judges of Sodom” the Revised Version, margin (Isa_1:10), used of Jephthah in sense of “captain” the King James Version, “chief” the Revised Version (British and American) (Jdg_11:6), found combined with (3), “head and captain” (King James Version, “head and chief” the Revised Version (British and American) Jdg_11:11). In Jos_10:24 it denotes commanders of troops, the King James Version “captains of the men of war,” the Revised Version (British and American) “chiefs of the men of war.”

(9) כּר, kar, in Eze_21:22 “to set captains” the King James Version, is translated “to set battering rams” the Revised Version (British and American).

(10) בּעל, ba‛al, only once in “captain of the ward” (Jer_37:13).

(11) טפסר, ṭiphṣar, a dignitary belonging to an oriental court, in the King James Version rendered “captain,” in the Revised Version (British and American) “marshal” (Nah_3:17; Jer_51:27).

(12) שׁלּיט, shallīṭ, in Dan_2:15 of Arioch, the king's captain; in Ecc_8:8 “having power over,” and in Ecc_7:19 used of “mighty men” (the Revised Version (British and American) “rulers”).

2. In the New Testament

Of Greek words rendered by “captain” in New Testament there are the following:

(1) ἀρχηγός, archēgós, rendered “captain” in Heb_2:10 the King James Version but relegated to the margin in the Revised Version (British and American), where “author” (of their salvation) is preferred, this being the rendering of Heb_12:2 the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), “author” (and finisher of our faith), “captain” being still retained in the Revised Version, margin. Compare Acts 3:15 and Acts 5:31, where the same Greek word is rendered “Prince,” the Revised Version, margin of the former passage giving “Author.” In the Risen and Ascended Christ the various conceptions Thus expressed are found to blend.

(2) χιλίαρχος, chilíarchos, the Latin tribunus militum of which there were six to a legion, commanding the six cohorts of which it was composed. In its lit. acceptation it would be “commander of a thousand,” and it is so used in Acts 22:28 where it designates the commander of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, consisting of a cohort, and is rendered “chief captain” (Joh_18:12; Acts 21:31; Acts 22:24; Acts 24:22). It is used more vaguely in the sense of “military officer” in Mar_6:21; Rev_6:15; Rev_19:18.

(3) στρατηγός, stratēgós, used only by Luke in the New Testament, and almost exclusively of

• (a) officials in charge of the Temple (Luk_22:4, Luk_22:52; Acts 4:1; Acts 5:24, Acts 5:26). The captain of the Temple had the superintendence of the Levites and priests who were on guard in and around the Temple, and under him were stratēgoi, who were also captains of the Temple police, although they took their instruction from him as their head. He was not only a priest, but second in dignity only to the high priest himself;
• (b) The exception to Luke's general usage is where the word is used of the chief authorities in civil affairs at Philippi; where “the magistrates,” as the word is rendered (Acts 16:20 f), called themselves “praetors” (stratēgoi). In the case of Paul and Silas they placed themselves in peril of removal from their office by ordering them to be beaten, being Romans and uncondemned.

(4) στρατοπεδάρχης, stratopedárchēs, the captain of the guard to whom Julius of the Augustan band (according to the Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Acts 28:16) delivered Paul and his fellow-prisoners. The word has disappeared from the Revised Version (British and American), but the passage in which it occurs has attestation which satisfies Blass, Sir William Ramsay, and other scholars. It was supposed that this was the captain of the Praetorian guard, but Mommsen and Ramsay believe him to be the princeps peregrinorum castrorum.

See Augustan Band; Roman Army.