Fuller

From BibleEncyclopedia.Net

fool´ẽr (כּבס, kābhaṣ; literally, “to trample,” γναφεύς, gnapheús):

The word “full” is from the Anglo-Saxon fullian, meaning “to whiten.” To full is to press or scour cloth in a mill. This art is one of great antiquity. Mention is made of “fuller's soap” (Malachi 3:2), and of “the fuller's field” (2 Kings 18:17). At his transfiguration our Lord's raiment is said to have been white “so as no fuller on earth could white them” (Mark 9:3). En-Rogel (q.v.), meaning literally “foot-fountain,” has been interpreted as the “fuller's fountain,” because there the fullers trod the cloth with their feet.

The fuller was usually the dyer, since, before the woven cloth could be properly dyed, it must be freed from the oily and gummy substances naturally found on the raw fiber. Many different substances were in ancient times used for cleansing. Among them were white clay, putrid urine, and the ashes of certain desert plants (Arabic ḳali, Biblical “soap”; Malachi 3:2). The fuller's shop was usually outside the city (2 Kings 18:17; Isaiah 7:3; Isaiah 36:2), first, that he might have sufficient room to spread out his cloth for drying and sunning, and second, because of the offensive odors sometimes produced by his processes. The Syrian indigo dyer still uses a cleaning process closely allied to that pictured on the Egyptian monuments. The unbleached cotton is soaked in water and then sprinkled with the powdered ashes of the ishnan, locally called ḳali, and then beaten in heaps on a flat stone either with another stone or with a large wooden paddle. The cloth is washed free from the alkali by small boys treading on it in a running stream or in many changes of clean water (compare En-Rogel, literally, “foot fountain,” but translated also “fuller's fountain” because of the fullers' method of washing their cloth). Mark describes Jesus' garments at the time of His transfiguration as being whiter than any fuller on earth could whiten them (Mark 9:3).